Environmental exposures, resource scarcity and mountains of garbage are creating a huge need for sustainable methods for handling waste in the cities of the world. On one hand, the waste is causing disposal problems, especially in the metropolitan areas of emerging and developing countries. On the other, wastes contain scrap that new systems of cost-effective, environmentally friendly recycling can make usable. This involves everything from conventional recycling materials such as paper and glass to correctly sorted plastics, precious metals and rare earths. Organic wastes can also be recycled in biogas facilities. Rubber and composites made of cardboard and plastic are used as fuels for energy production and in various industrial processes.
But efficient waste recycling initially requires functioning waste and refuse separation by companies, government and private households. Plans for waste avoidance in the development and management of efficient material reuse processes are needed as well. At the same time, entirely new technical processes are partially available for the cost-effective recycling of individual ingredients and the environmentally acceptable recycling of a wide variety of wastes. There are also systems for general urban waste management, transportation and highly secure final disposal in landfills.
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